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Philosophy Universe Tirthankaras

12 Primary Ang-Agams

Oldest Layer

Lord Mahavira's teachings were orally compiled by his immediate disciples (Gandharas) into the 12 Ang-Agams. These are the oldest and most authoritative layer of the Jain scriptural canon — preserved in Ardha-Magadhi Prakrit for over 2,500 years.

Ang 1

Ācharanga Sūtra

आचारांग सूत्र

Oldest Agam linguistically. Describes ascetic conduct, Mahavira's own penance, and rules for monks and nuns.

Ang 2

Sūtrakritānga

सूत्रकृतांग

Nonviolence, Jain metaphysics, refutation of rival philosophies.

Ang 3

Sthānānga

स्थानांग

Encyclopedic catalog of Jain concepts organised numerically.

Ang 4

Samavāyānga

समवायांग

Further categorisation of substances and events.

Ang 5

Bhagavatī Sūtra

भगवती सूत्र

Most voluminous Agam — 41 chapters. Dialogues between Mahavira and Gautama.

Ang 6

Jnātā Dharmakathā

ज्ञाताधर्मकथा

Stories and parables illustrating Jain ethics.

Ang 7

Upāsakadashā

उपासकदशा

Ten chapters on ideal lay Jain life.

Ang 8

Antakrita Dashā

अन्तकृद्दशा

Lives of 90 great monks who attained liberation.

Ang 9

Anuttaropapātika

अनुत्तरौपपातिक

Stories of souls reborn in the highest heavens.

Ang 10

Prashna Vyākarana

प्रश्नव्याकरण

Question-and-answer format on the five vows.

Ang 11

Vipāka Sūtra

विपाक सूत्र

Stories demonstrating the fruits of good and bad karma.

Ang 12

Drishti Vāda (Lost)

दृष्टिवाद

The 12th Ang containing the 14 ancient Purvas. Lost over centuries.

Ang 13

Kalpa Sūtra

कल्प सूत्र

Bhadrabahu's account of Mahavira's life. Read every year during Paryushana.

Key Texts — Universal & Sectarian

Universal

Tattvartha Sūtra

तत्त्वार्थ सूत्र

Umasvati's magnum opus — the only text accepted by all sects. 350 sutras covering all of Jain philosophy.

Digambara

Samayasāra

समयसार

Kundakunda's masterpiece on the pure nature of the soul.

Digambara

Gommatasāra

गोम्मटसार

Nemichandra's encyclopedia of Jain metaphysics.

Shvetambara

Uttarādhyayana Sūtra

उत्तराध्ययन सूत्र

Foundational text for novice monks and nuns.

Universal

Gaṇitasārasaṅgraha

गणितसारसंग्रह

Mahaviracharya's 850 CE mathematical treatise — arithmetic, algebra, geometry, combinatorics.